- Introduction
- Rest time! Have fun
- Physics
- Chemistry
- BIOLOGY
- Reaching the age of Adolescence
- CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGMENT
- Cells : The basic structural unit of life
- Nutrition in human beigns
- RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEIGNS
- TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEIGNS
- excretory system in human beigns
- NERVOUS SYSTEM
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Respiration in plants
- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
- MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS
- Forest our lifeline
- WASTE WATER STORY
- WEATHER,CLIMATE AND ITS ADAPTATION .
- Reaching the age of Adolescence
- Model tests
- Animation time
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
REPRODUCTION
IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS CONTINUE THERE GENERATIONS .IT IS NOT AN LIFE PROCESS BUT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTINUE THE LIFE ON EARTH .
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES OF RESPIRATION -
1)ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2)SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-
THIS TYPE OF REPRODUCTION INVOLES THE PRODUCTION OF NEW ORGANISM BY SINGLE PARENT .
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS APOMIXIS .
PLANTS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION . THE LOWER PARTS REPRODUCE VEGETATIVELY THROUGH :
A) BUDDING -
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH A SMALL PART OF THE BODY OF THE PARENT ORGANISM GROWS OUT AS A BUD WHICH THEN DETACHES & BECOME A NEW ORGANISM . A CHAIN OF BUDS CAN BE FORMED FROM IT IF IT IS NOT DETACHES FROM THE MOTHER CELL .
B) FRAGMENTATION -
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH MATURE ORGANISMS LIKE ALGA BREAKS DOWN INTO SMALL FRAGEMENTS AND THAT SMALL FRAGEMENTS CAN LEAD A INDIVIDUAL LIFE .
C) SPORE FORMATION -
IN THIS PROCESS PLANT PRODUCES HUNDREDS OF SPORES WHICH CAN THEN PRODUCE NEW PLANTS .
D) REGENRATION -
IN THIS PROCESS PLANTS GET FULL ORGANISMS BY ITS OWN PART OF BODY .PLANTS CAN REPAIR ITSELF IN SOME OR OTHER WAY ,NEW CELLS GROW TO REPLACE DAMAGED OR LOST CELL .
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
IT IS OF TWO TYPES
1)NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
A)THE ROOTS OF SOME PLANTS BEAR ADVENTITOUS BUDS . THESE BUDS GIVE TO RISE TO LEAFY SHOOTS AWAY FROM PARENT PLANT .
EXAMPLE - SWEET POTATO , GAUVA,MINT
B)UNDERGROUND SUCKERS ,RHIZOMES, CORMS, BULBS AND TUBERS POSSESS BUDS ON THE STEMS GROW INTO NEW PLANTS .
C)CREEPING STEMS LIKE LIKE RUNNERS ,STOLONS .ETC PRODUCE ADVENTITOUS ROOTS WHICH GIVE RAISE TO AERIAL SHOOTS .
D)SOME PLANTS REPRODUCE VEGETATIVELY BENEATH SOIL .
EXAMPLE - POTATO, RUNNERS, SUCKERS, MINT ,ETC.
2)ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
IT IS ALSO DONE BY MAN MADE PROCESS
A) CUTTING - A PART OF STEM OF A PLANT IS CUTTED WHICH IS KNOWN AS CUTTING.
EXAMPLE - ROSE PLANT , GRAPES ,ETC.
B) GRAFTING - IT IS VERY COMMON METHOD OF PROPOGATION IN HARD WOODY PLANTS . IN THIS METHOD THE DESIRED PLANTS WITH GOOD CHARACTERS IS FIXED ON THE STEM OF ANOTHER STEM WITH GOOD ROOT SYSTEM. THE GRAFTED PLANT HAS
1) STOCK
2)SCION
C) LAYERING -
IN THIS METHOD THE STEM OF THE MOTHER PLANT IS PULLED TOWARDS THE SOIL AND STRIKES ROOT WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH MOIST SOIL . THE BRANCH IS THEN CUT-OFF FROM THE PARENT PLANT & THE PART WHICH HAS DEVOLPED ROOTS GROW TO BECOME NEW PLANT .
D) BY TISSUE CULTURE -
IN THIS METHOD FEW CELLS OF MOTHER PLANTS GROWS INTO A TISSUE IN NUTRITIVE MEDIUM. THIS IS CALLED TISSUE CULTURE OR MICRO PROPOGATION .
THE CELLS ARE PLACED IN A JELLY LIKE MATERIAL THAT MAKE CELL TO DIVIDE INTO A SMALL GROUP OF CELLS CALLED CALLUS . THE CALLUS GROWS ROOT . THEN THESE ARE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER JELLY FOR GROWTH OF SHOOT THEN PLANTS ARE POTTED .
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FLOWEING PLANTS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY . A FLOWER HAS MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART CALLED STAMEN AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART CALLED PISTIL .STAMEN HAVE A PART CALLED ANTHER THAT PRODUCE POLLEN GRAINS , WHICH CARRY MALE GAMETE CALLED OVUM . THE UPPER PART OF PISTIL CALLED STYLE WHICH HAS A STICKY END CALLED STIGMA .
POLLINATION
THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF POLEN GRAINS FROM THE ANTHERS OF THE FLOWER TO THE STIGMA OF THE SAME FLOWER OR ANOTHER FLOWER IS KNOWN AS POLLINATION .
POLLEN GRAINS GERMINATE ON STIGMA DUE TO PRESENCE OF MOISTURE AND NUTRIENTS PRODUCING A POLEN TUBE . THE POLEN GRAINS GROW THROUGH STYLE AND FINALLY ENTER THE OVULE THROUGH ITS MICROPYLE . THE POLEN TUBE CARRIES TWO MALE GAMETS ; ONE OF THEM FUSES WITH EGG IN THE FORMATION OF ZYGOTE . THIS FUSION ACT IS KNOWN AS SYNGAMY . THE SECOND MALE GAMMETE FUSES WITH TWO POLAR NUCLEI PRODUCING PRIMARY ENDOSPERM NUCLIE WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN AS TRIPLOID . THIS PROCESS IS CALLED TRIPLE FUSION . SYNGAMY AND TRIPLE FUSION ARE CALLED DOUBLE FERTILIZATION . AFTER FERTILIZATION SEPALS , PETALS , STAMEN, STYLE & STIGMA FALL OFF . THE OVARY DEVOLPS INTO FRUIT AND THE OVULES FORM THE SEEDS . ZYGOTE DEVOLPES FURTHER TO FORM THE EMBRYO WHILE ENDOSPERM OF THE SEED . SEED GERMINATES AND NEW PLANT IS GROWN . ENDOSPERM STORES FOOD FOR DEVOLPMENT OF EMBRYO .
IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS CONTINUE THERE GENERATIONS .IT IS NOT AN LIFE PROCESS BUT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTINUE THE LIFE ON EARTH .
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES OF RESPIRATION -
1)ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2)SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-
THIS TYPE OF REPRODUCTION INVOLES THE PRODUCTION OF NEW ORGANISM BY SINGLE PARENT .
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS APOMIXIS .
PLANTS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION . THE LOWER PARTS REPRODUCE VEGETATIVELY THROUGH :
A) BUDDING -
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH A SMALL PART OF THE BODY OF THE PARENT ORGANISM GROWS OUT AS A BUD WHICH THEN DETACHES & BECOME A NEW ORGANISM . A CHAIN OF BUDS CAN BE FORMED FROM IT IF IT IS NOT DETACHES FROM THE MOTHER CELL .
B) FRAGMENTATION -
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH MATURE ORGANISMS LIKE ALGA BREAKS DOWN INTO SMALL FRAGEMENTS AND THAT SMALL FRAGEMENTS CAN LEAD A INDIVIDUAL LIFE .
C) SPORE FORMATION -
IN THIS PROCESS PLANT PRODUCES HUNDREDS OF SPORES WHICH CAN THEN PRODUCE NEW PLANTS .
D) REGENRATION -
IN THIS PROCESS PLANTS GET FULL ORGANISMS BY ITS OWN PART OF BODY .PLANTS CAN REPAIR ITSELF IN SOME OR OTHER WAY ,NEW CELLS GROW TO REPLACE DAMAGED OR LOST CELL .
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
IT IS OF TWO TYPES
1)NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
A)THE ROOTS OF SOME PLANTS BEAR ADVENTITOUS BUDS . THESE BUDS GIVE TO RISE TO LEAFY SHOOTS AWAY FROM PARENT PLANT .
EXAMPLE - SWEET POTATO , GAUVA,MINT
B)UNDERGROUND SUCKERS ,RHIZOMES, CORMS, BULBS AND TUBERS POSSESS BUDS ON THE STEMS GROW INTO NEW PLANTS .
C)CREEPING STEMS LIKE LIKE RUNNERS ,STOLONS .ETC PRODUCE ADVENTITOUS ROOTS WHICH GIVE RAISE TO AERIAL SHOOTS .
D)SOME PLANTS REPRODUCE VEGETATIVELY BENEATH SOIL .
EXAMPLE - POTATO, RUNNERS, SUCKERS, MINT ,ETC.
2)ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
IT IS ALSO DONE BY MAN MADE PROCESS
A) CUTTING - A PART OF STEM OF A PLANT IS CUTTED WHICH IS KNOWN AS CUTTING.
EXAMPLE - ROSE PLANT , GRAPES ,ETC.
B) GRAFTING - IT IS VERY COMMON METHOD OF PROPOGATION IN HARD WOODY PLANTS . IN THIS METHOD THE DESIRED PLANTS WITH GOOD CHARACTERS IS FIXED ON THE STEM OF ANOTHER STEM WITH GOOD ROOT SYSTEM. THE GRAFTED PLANT HAS
1) STOCK
2)SCION
C) LAYERING -
IN THIS METHOD THE STEM OF THE MOTHER PLANT IS PULLED TOWARDS THE SOIL AND STRIKES ROOT WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH MOIST SOIL . THE BRANCH IS THEN CUT-OFF FROM THE PARENT PLANT & THE PART WHICH HAS DEVOLPED ROOTS GROW TO BECOME NEW PLANT .
D) BY TISSUE CULTURE -
IN THIS METHOD FEW CELLS OF MOTHER PLANTS GROWS INTO A TISSUE IN NUTRITIVE MEDIUM. THIS IS CALLED TISSUE CULTURE OR MICRO PROPOGATION .
THE CELLS ARE PLACED IN A JELLY LIKE MATERIAL THAT MAKE CELL TO DIVIDE INTO A SMALL GROUP OF CELLS CALLED CALLUS . THE CALLUS GROWS ROOT . THEN THESE ARE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER JELLY FOR GROWTH OF SHOOT THEN PLANTS ARE POTTED .
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FLOWEING PLANTS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY . A FLOWER HAS MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART CALLED STAMEN AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART CALLED PISTIL .STAMEN HAVE A PART CALLED ANTHER THAT PRODUCE POLLEN GRAINS , WHICH CARRY MALE GAMETE CALLED OVUM . THE UPPER PART OF PISTIL CALLED STYLE WHICH HAS A STICKY END CALLED STIGMA .
POLLINATION
THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF POLEN GRAINS FROM THE ANTHERS OF THE FLOWER TO THE STIGMA OF THE SAME FLOWER OR ANOTHER FLOWER IS KNOWN AS POLLINATION .
POLLEN GRAINS GERMINATE ON STIGMA DUE TO PRESENCE OF MOISTURE AND NUTRIENTS PRODUCING A POLEN TUBE . THE POLEN GRAINS GROW THROUGH STYLE AND FINALLY ENTER THE OVULE THROUGH ITS MICROPYLE . THE POLEN TUBE CARRIES TWO MALE GAMETS ; ONE OF THEM FUSES WITH EGG IN THE FORMATION OF ZYGOTE . THIS FUSION ACT IS KNOWN AS SYNGAMY . THE SECOND MALE GAMMETE FUSES WITH TWO POLAR NUCLEI PRODUCING PRIMARY ENDOSPERM NUCLIE WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN AS TRIPLOID . THIS PROCESS IS CALLED TRIPLE FUSION . SYNGAMY AND TRIPLE FUSION ARE CALLED DOUBLE FERTILIZATION . AFTER FERTILIZATION SEPALS , PETALS , STAMEN, STYLE & STIGMA FALL OFF . THE OVARY DEVOLPS INTO FRUIT AND THE OVULES FORM THE SEEDS . ZYGOTE DEVOLPES FURTHER TO FORM THE EMBRYO WHILE ENDOSPERM OF THE SEED . SEED GERMINATES AND NEW PLANT IS GROWN . ENDOSPERM STORES FOOD FOR DEVOLPMENT OF EMBRYO .