- Introduction
- Rest time! Have fun
- Physics
- Chemistry
- BIOLOGY
- Reaching the age of Adolescence
- CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGMENT
- Cells : The basic structural unit of life
- Nutrition in human beigns
- RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEIGNS
- TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEIGNS
- excretory system in human beigns
- NERVOUS SYSTEM
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Respiration in plants
- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
- MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS
- Forest our lifeline
- WASTE WATER STORY
- WEATHER,CLIMATE AND ITS ADAPTATION .
- Reaching the age of Adolescence
- Model tests
- Animation time
CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGMENT
CROP
When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
These can be classified on the basis of the season in which they grow
India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to another. Accordingly, there is a rich variety of crops grown in different parts of the country. Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns can be identified. These are:
(i) Kharif Crops : The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season in India is generally from June to September. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are kharif crops.
(ii) Rabi Crops : The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Their time period is generally from October to March. Examples of rabi
crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Basic Practices of Crop Production
PROCESSES TAKEN BY FARMERS TO GROW THERE CROPS (AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES )
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Adding manure and fertilisers
(iv) Irrigation
(v) Protecting from weeds
(vi) Harvesting
(vii) Storage
Preparation of Soil
The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughs are made of wood or iron. If the soil is very dry, it may need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with a plank. The field is levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation purposes. The levelling of soil is done with the help of a leveller.
Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before tilling. This helps in proper mixing of manure with soil. The soil is watered before sowing.
Agricultural Implements
Plough : This is being used since ancient times for tilling the soil, adding fertilisers to the crop, removing the weeds, scraping of soil, etc. This implement is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bulls or other animals (horses, camels, etc.). It contains a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare. The main part of the plough is a long log of wood which is called a ploughshaft. There is a handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bulls’ necks. One pair of bulls and a man can easily operate the plough.
Hoe : It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil. It has a long rod of wood or iron. A strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed to one of its ends and works like a blade. It is pulled by animals.
Cultivator : Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor driven cultivator. The use of cultivator saves labour and time .
Sowing
is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. Good quality seeds are clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer to use seedsm which give a high yield.
TRADITIONAL TOOL AND SEED DRILLS ARE THE TWO MACHIENS FOR SOWING
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilisers.
Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. These nutrients are essential for the growth of plants.
Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure.
IRRIGATION
The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
Sources of irrigation : The sources of irrigation are—
wells,
tubewells,
ponds,
lakes,
rivers,
dams
canals
Traditional Methods of
Irrigation
TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions, for taking it to the fields.
Cattle or human labour is used in these methods. So these methods are cheaper, but less efficient. The various traditional ways are:
(i) moat (pulley-system)
(ii) chain pump
(iii) dhekli, and
(iv) rahat (Lever system)
Pumps are commonly used for lifting water. Diesel, biogas, electricity and solar energy is used to run these pumps
When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
These can be classified on the basis of the season in which they grow
India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to another. Accordingly, there is a rich variety of crops grown in different parts of the country. Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns can be identified. These are:
(i) Kharif Crops : The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season in India is generally from June to September. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are kharif crops.
(ii) Rabi Crops : The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Their time period is generally from October to March. Examples of rabi
crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Basic Practices of Crop Production
PROCESSES TAKEN BY FARMERS TO GROW THERE CROPS (AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES )
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Adding manure and fertilisers
(iv) Irrigation
(v) Protecting from weeds
(vi) Harvesting
(vii) Storage
Preparation of Soil
The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughs are made of wood or iron. If the soil is very dry, it may need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with a plank. The field is levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation purposes. The levelling of soil is done with the help of a leveller.
Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before tilling. This helps in proper mixing of manure with soil. The soil is watered before sowing.
Agricultural Implements
Plough : This is being used since ancient times for tilling the soil, adding fertilisers to the crop, removing the weeds, scraping of soil, etc. This implement is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bulls or other animals (horses, camels, etc.). It contains a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare. The main part of the plough is a long log of wood which is called a ploughshaft. There is a handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bulls’ necks. One pair of bulls and a man can easily operate the plough.
Hoe : It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil. It has a long rod of wood or iron. A strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed to one of its ends and works like a blade. It is pulled by animals.
Cultivator : Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor driven cultivator. The use of cultivator saves labour and time .
Sowing
is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. Good quality seeds are clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer to use seedsm which give a high yield.
TRADITIONAL TOOL AND SEED DRILLS ARE THE TWO MACHIENS FOR SOWING
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilisers.
Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. These nutrients are essential for the growth of plants.
Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure.
IRRIGATION
The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
Sources of irrigation : The sources of irrigation are—
wells,
tubewells,
ponds,
lakes,
rivers,
dams
canals
Traditional Methods of
Irrigation
TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions, for taking it to the fields.
Cattle or human labour is used in these methods. So these methods are cheaper, but less efficient. The various traditional ways are:
(i) moat (pulley-system)
(ii) chain pump
(iii) dhekli, and
(iv) rahat (Lever system)
Pumps are commonly used for lifting water. Diesel, biogas, electricity and solar energy is used to run these pumps